THE PACKET CORE NETWORK

Hello Everyone
Today we will discuss about the Nodes SGSN and GGSN of the Telecom Network .

The Basic Packet switch core network consists of the two major elements .
SGSN -SERVING GPRS SUPPORT NODE.
GGSN-GATEWAY GPRS SUPPORT NODE.
In addition to this the IP backbone contains other Routers ,Firewalls Servers and Domain Name Servers (DNS).
This is the latest network connectivity diagram which shows how the network nodes are connected

The Serving GPRS Support Node Consists an interface between the radio network and the core network .It is responsible to handle all the packet switched services to and from the mobile phone .Similar to the Circuit Core Network the SGSN is also responsible for the mobility management which includes the routing area update and paging .
Its main specality is the classical switching aspects such as relaying ,routing,address translation,encapsulation and tunneling.It is also responsible for the ciphering and user data compression .

The Gateway GPRS Support Node is connected to the Public Landline Mobile Network and the Packet Data Network (PDN).It is responsible for packet switched service provisioning.Its special aspects are controlling the network access control,mobility management,routing the packets and transfering them to the appropriate destination.

These are the two main nodes of the packet core network .

Thank you for viewing this its my goodness.

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) .........Boon to the world .

GPRS-  General packet radio services .


It is a packet oriented mobile data service on the 2G and the 3G cellular communications .
Standardized by European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ET SI) and now maintained by 3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project.
It is a best effort service where quality of service (Qos) is not guaranteed during the connection.In 2G system data rates are 56kbits/sec -114 kbits/sec.It uses Time division multiple access technique (TDMA) where same frequency is used by different users at different time slots .


Services Offered by GPRS

1.Internet access
2.Multimedia messaging (MMS)
3.Push to Talk (PTT/POC)
4.Instant Messaging
5.Internet applications through the Wireless access protocols (WAP)
6.Point to point inter networking with the Internet


Protocols supported by GPRS

Internet protocols - IPV4, IPV6
Point to point  protocol is used to tunnel the IP  to the phone 
X.25 connections 


Hardware devices supporting the GPRS are divide into three classes  


Class A- These devices support the GSM and GPRS at the same time and both services can be used simultaneously.


Class B-These devices support the GSM and GPRS at the same time but we can use one service at a time .


Class C-These devices either support GSM or GPRS and are switched manually between each other.


 Addressing in  GPRS


A GPRS service is established by reference to its Access point name (APN).Access point name defines the GPRS services.


GPRS tunneling protocol defines the IP protocol of the GPRS core network.Allows the end users of a GSM or WCDMA network to move from one place to the other with continuing to the Internet.It does this process by carrying the subscribers data from the Serving gprs support network node  (SGSN) to the Gateway gprs support network node ( GGSN)


Three types of GPRS tunneling protocols are used by the GPRS.


1.GTP-U transfers the users data .
2.GTP-C is used for the control reasons . 
3.GTP' is used for transfer of the changing  data from the GNSs to the charging function.


Coding schemes used in the GPRS .


Convolution coding scheme is used in the GPRS technology .In the convolution coding scheme each  m bit information  is  converted into  the n bit symbol.


m/n is the code rate 
n should be greater than equal to m
and the transformation is the function of the last k information symbol.




The network nodes SGSN and GGSN we will discuss in the upcoming blogs .


Refrence-Wireless Communications by Wiley.
                  http://www.ericsson.com/

Thank you .

Cloud Computing ........A formula to capture .

The internet or online connectivity started out as a simple information exchange. Almost anything that users want to learn is possible because of the internet. They just go online, make a few searches and a minute or two, they will have the information they need. Personal communication became a lot easier as email was developed into one of the greatest innovations of the century.

Instead of sending a snail mail which could take weeks, a single email could be read in a matter of seconds. Even with a simple connection, exchange of information could be done – chat and updates on new data can also be done through the internet.

Although the same things could be done without internet, the experience that come from internet has become so much more. Through improvement of communications infrastructure, the internet was able to move away from the regular phone line and has a dedicated connection.

Dial-up connection is almost a thing of the past as more household adapt to dedicated lines with increasing internet connection. Wireless connectivity with almost the same speed is not possible. You do not need to drag a cable around, you just have a decent internet connection.

Because of the increasing capability of the internet, developers have looked beyond information sharing. Certain functions in desktop could now be done online. Office documents could be uploaded and extracted or even worked on at the same time online. Data processing is not limited anymore to your desktop as the increasing capacity of online connectivity has made it possible to emulate or even surpass local data processing.

Cloud Computing is Born

The rapid improvement of the capacity of online connectivity gave birth to cloud computing. Although the term was already used since the 90s, the actual adoption of cloud computing in relation to online computing started in the 21st century.

In gist, cloud computing is all about implementing process online instead in your local gadget. Data and processes could be done online without the need of any local software or client. As long as the user knows the process and have the right security credentials, he could access the system and make the necessary changes.

Cloud Computing Advantages

There are many advantages a company would have if they would consider cloud computing as part of their business plan. Among them is ease of operations. Every employee will be able to have access to the system wherever they are. A traveling salesman could easily update their database so that the company will be informed immediately about their performance.

Another advantage is the ease of troubleshooting. A specific software installed in the local gadget would need to have a repair from the company’s tech group. But when the company uses cloud computing, any “bugs”, user problems or error in function could be immediately looked into by its developers. There is no need for every user to wait for their turn to have their application fixed.

There is also the monetary consideration in cloud computing. There will be eventual savings the company would experience through cloud computing. Instead of tedious work with local connections and additional infrastructure, a company would just consider a cloud computing vendor which will ensure uptime of the processes.

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

On the other hand, there are disadvantages the company would have when they opt to use cloud computing. The biggest of them all is security. Since cloud computing uses the power of online connectivity to handle processing requests, the data could be available for everyone and could be used for malicious purposes.

Another advantage is the ease of troubleshooting. A specific software installed in the local gadget would need to have a repair from the company’s tech group. But when the company uses cloud computing, any “bugs”, user problems or error in function could be immediately looked into by its developers. There is no need for every user to wait for their turn to have their application fixed.

There is also the monetary consideration in cloud computing. There will be eventual savings the company would experience through cloud computing. Instead of tedious work with local connections and additional infrastructure, a company would just consider a cloud computing vendor which will ensure uptime of the processes.

There is also the challenge of the end-user connectivity. Cloud computing will only be possible if there is a strong internet connection. Cloud computing might not work in areas where internet connection is weak. Although there are applications that might be work with simple dial-up connectivity, the application could easily go down especially when there is too many data to be processed.

Infrastructure is also a challenge for cloud computing. A company who opts to have their own server would have to ensure the infrastructure will be able to deal with consistent and massive data and processing requests. But even with these challenges, cloud computing is seen as one of the futures of the internet.  It is changing the way businesses complete their transactions and it will certainly make some changes the way people look at the internet.

MAKE THE WORLD A BETTER PLACE TO LIVE IN....save the children

I have always wondered why so many Americans seem disinterested in global inequalities and environmental issues. I do not believe that they are selfish people without concern for the world's poor or the well being of future generations. So the question is, why aren't more of us environmentalists? In light of this question, I suggest we think about our privileged position in the world. And rather than feeling guilty or self-satisfied about it, we should decide to be energized by our relative fortune. This energy might propel us to care for the environment and our fellow creatures at a level not currently realized.

While I have little specialized knowledge of the demographics of college's student body, it's probably safe to assume several things. We are wealthier, more educated, better fed, drink cleaner water, and have better access to information than most people in this world. We all also live in a country where we can do many things more safely and readily than most can elsewhere. We can write, speak, or visit our state and federal representatives and expect to be heard. We can protest peacefully without fear of violent repercussions. We can expect our legal system to defend us against unsubstantiated charges. And, we can affiliate ourselves with organizations of our own choosing so why not  lets start.

GIVING IS BETTER THAN RECEIVING...................

Hunger is the most commonly used term to describe the social condition of people (or organisms) who frequently experience, or live with the threat of experiencing, the physical sensation of desiring food.

we have to strongly believe that to create change, big or small, a stand needs to be taken. This summarizes that Goverment doesnot care about humanity, we need to stand on the concerns and what is it we need  to make sure that the change happens in the coming few years.


CHILD PROTECTION-Child Labour

EDUCATION

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION 

CHILD SURVIVAL